Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
12 Months Ended | ||||||
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Dec. 31, 2022 | |||||||
| Accounting Changes and Error Corrections [Abstract] | |||||||
| Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
Principles of Consolidation
When evaluating an entity for consolidation, the Company first determines whether an entity is within the scope of the guidance for consolidation of variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and if it is deemed to be a VIE. If the entity is considered to be a VIE, the Company determines whether it would be considered the entity’s primary beneficiary. The Company consolidates those VIEs for which it has determined that it is the primary beneficiary. The Company will consolidate an entity not deemed a VIE upon a determination that it has a controlling financial interest. For entities where the Company does not have a controlling financial interest, the investments in such entities are classified as available-for-sale securities or accounted for using the equity or cost method, as appropriate.
Use of Estimates and Assumptions
The preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Although these estimates and assumptions are based on Company’s knowledge of current events and actions it may undertake in the future, actual results may ultimately differ from estimates and assumptions.
Revenue Recognition
The principal source of revenues from franchising hotels is ongoing royalty, marketing and reservation fees, which are typically a percentage of gross room revenues of each franchised hotel. For a more detailed description of revenue recognition see Note 3 - Revenue Recognition.
Loyalty Program
The Company operates the Wyndham Rewards loyalty program. Loyalty members primarily accumulate points by staying in hotels operated under one of the Company’s brands. Wyndham Rewards members may also accumulate points by purchasing everyday services and products with their Wyndham Rewards co-branded credit card.
The Company earns revenue from these programs (i) when a member stays at a participating hotel or club resort or vacation rental from a fee charged by the Company to the property owner or manager, which is based upon a percentage of room revenues generated from such stay which the Company recognizes, net of redemptions, over time based upon loyalty point redemption patterns, including an estimate of loyalty points that will expire or will never be redeemed, and (ii) based upon a percentage of the member’s spending on the Wyndham Rewards co-branded credit cards for which revenues are paid to the Company by a third-party issuing bank which the Company primarily recognizes over time based upon the redemption patterns of the loyalty points earned under the program, including an estimate of loyalty points that will expire or will never be redeemed.
As members earn points through the loyalty program, the Company records a liability for the estimated future redemption costs, which is calculated based on (i) an estimated cost per point and (ii) an estimated redemption rate of the overall points earned, which is determined with the assistance of a third-party actuarial firm through historical experience, current trends and the use of an actuarial analysis. The Company estimates the value of the future redemption obligations by projecting the timing of future point redemptions based on historical levels, including an estimate of the points that will expire or never be redeemed, and an estimate of the points members will eventually redeem. The recorded liability related to the program totals $118 million and $109 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of which $74 million and $67 million, respectively, are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and $44 million and $42 million, respectively, are included in other non-current liabilities on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers highly-liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
Valuation of Accounts Receivable
The Company measures the expected credit losses of its receivables on a collective (pool) basis which aggregates receivables with similar risk characteristics and uses historical collection attrition rates for periods ranging from to ten years to estimate its expected credit losses. For a more detailed description of the valuation of accounts receivable see Note 5 - Accounts Receivable.
Advertising Expense
Advertising costs are expensed in the period incurred. Advertising expenses, which are primarily recorded within marketing and reservation expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income/(Loss), were $124 million, $85 million and $57 million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment (including leasehold improvements) are recorded at cost, and presented net of accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation, recorded as a component of depreciation and amortization on the Consolidated Statements of Income/(Loss), is calculated utilizing the straight-line method over the lesser of the lease terms or estimated useful lives of the related assets. Amortization of leasehold improvements, also recorded as a component of depreciation and amortization, is calculated utilizing the straight-line method over the lesser of the estimated benefit period of the related assets or the lease terms. Useful lives are generally up to 20 years for leasehold improvements and from to seven years for furniture, fixtures and equipment.
The Company capitalizes the costs of software developed for internal use in accordance with the guidance for accounting for costs of computer software developed or obtained for internal use. Capitalization of software developed for internal use commences during the development phase of the project. The Company amortizes software developed or obtained for internal use on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life, which is generally to five years. Such amortization commences when the software is substantially ready for its intended use.
The net carrying value of software developed or obtained for internal use was $56 million and $52 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Goodwill is reviewed annually (during the fourth quarter of each year subsequent to completing the Company’s annual forecasting process), or more frequently if circumstances indicate that the value of goodwill may be impaired, to the reporting units’ carrying values as required by the guidance. This is done either by performing a qualitative assessment or utilizing the
one-step impairment test, with an impairment being recognized only where the fair value is less than carrying value. In any given year, the Company can elect to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is in excess of its carrying value. If it is not more likely than not that the fair value is in excess of the carrying value, or the Company elects to bypass the qualitative assessment, the Company would use the one-step impairment test. The qualitative factors evaluated include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, its historical share price as well as other industry-specific considerations. The Company performed its annual quantitative assessment for impairment on each reporting unit’s goodwill as of October 1, 2022 and determined that no impairments existed and that it was more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting units continued to substantially exceed their carrying values.
The Company also determines whether the carrying values of other indefinite-lived intangible assets are impaired on an annual basis or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist. Application of the other indefinite-lived intangible assets impairment test requires judgment in the assumptions underlying the approach used to determine fair value. The fair value of each other indefinite-lived intangible asset is estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology. This analysis requires significant judgments, including estimation of future cash flows, which are dependent on internal forecasts, discount rates and to a lesser extent, estimation of long-term rates of growth. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of other indefinite-lived intangible assets change from year to year based on operating results and market conditions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and the other indefinite-lived intangible assets’ impairment. The Company performed its annual quantitative assessment for impairment on its indefinite-lived intangible assets as of October 1, 2022 and determined that no impairments existed and that it was more likely than not that the fair value of its indefinite-lived intangible assets continued to exceed their carrying values.
The Company also evaluates the recoverability of each of its definite-lived intangible assets by performing a qualitative assessment to determine if circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred. If such circumstances exist, the Company performs a quantitative assessment by comparing the respective carrying value of the assets to the expected future cash flows, on an undiscounted basis, to be generated from such assets.
The Company also evaluates the recoverability of its other long-lived assets, including property and equipment, if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred, pursuant to guidance for impairment or disposal of long-lived assets. This analysis is performed by comparing the respective carrying values of the assets to the current and expected future cash flows, on an undiscounted basis, to be generated from such assets. If such analysis indicates that the carrying value of these assets is not recoverable, the carrying value of such assets is reduced to fair value.
Business Combinations
The Company accounts for business combinations in accordance with the guidance for business combinations and related literature. Accordingly, the Company allocates the purchase price of acquired companies to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based upon their estimated fair values at the date of purchase. The difference between the purchase price and the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.
In determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination, the Company uses various recognized valuation methods including present value modeling and referenced market values, where available. Further, the Company makes assumptions within certain valuation techniques including discount rates and timing of future cash flows. Valuations are performed by management or external valuation specialists under management’s supervision, where appropriate. The Company believes that the estimated fair values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on reasonable assumptions that marketplace participants would use. However, such assumptions are inherently uncertain and actual results could differ from those estimates.
Income Taxes
The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using currently enacted tax rates. The Company regularly reviews its deferred tax assets to assess their potential realization and establishes a valuation allowance for portions of such assets that the Company believes will not be ultimately realized. In performing this review, the Company makes estimates and assumptions regarding projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and the implementation of tax planning strategies. A change in these assumptions may increase or decrease the Company’s valuation allowance resulting in an increase or decrease in its effective tax rate, which could materially impact the Company’s results of operations.
For tax positions the Company has taken or expects to take in a tax return, it applies a more likely than not threshold, under which the Company must conclude a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained, based on the technical merits, assuming that the position will be examined by the appropriate taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information, in order to recognize or continue to recognize the benefit. In determining the Company’s provision for income taxes, the Company uses judgment, reflecting its estimates and assumptions, in applying the more likely than not threshold.
The Company accounts for the global intangible low-taxed income provisions under the period cost method.
Stock-Based Compensation
In accordance with the guidance for stock-based compensation, the Company measures all employee stock-based compensation awards using a fair value method and records the related expense in its Consolidated Statements of Income/(Loss).
The Company recognizes the cost of stock-based compensation awards to employees as they provide services and the expense is recognized ratably over the requisite service period. The requisite service period is the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for an award. Forfeitures are recorded upon the actual employee termination for each outstanding grant.
Derivative Instruments
The Company uses derivative instruments as part of its overall strategy to manage its exposure to market risks primarily associated with fluctuations in interest rates and currency exchange rates. As a matter of policy, the Company does not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes. All derivatives are recorded at fair value as either assets or liabilities. Changes in fair value of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and of derivatives designated as fair value hedging instruments are recognized currently in operating income/(loss) and interest expense, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income/(Loss), based upon the nature of the hedged item. The effective portion of changes in fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedging instruments is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income/(loss). The ineffective portion is reported immediately in earnings as a component of operating or interest expense, based upon the nature of the hedged item. Amounts included in other comprehensive income/(loss) are reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged item affects earnings.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) (loss) consists of accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments and unrealized gains or losses on the Company’s cash flow hedges. Foreign currency translation adjustments exclude income taxes related to indefinite investments in foreign subsidiaries. Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries having non-U.S.-dollar functional currencies are translated at exchange rates at the balance sheet dates. Revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the periods presented. The gains or losses resulting from translating foreign currency financial statements into U.S. dollars, net of hedging gains or losses and taxes, are included in AOCI on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. On December 18, 2019, the FASB issued guidance which simplifies the accounting standards for income taxes. The amendment clarifies and simplifies aspects of the accounting for income taxes to help promote consistent application of GAAP by eliminating certain exceptions to the general principles of ASC 740, Income Taxes. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2021, as required. There was no material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures as a result of adopting this new standard.
Reference Rate Reform: Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. In March 2020, the FASB issued optional guidance for a limited time to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The new guidance provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying U.S. GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments apply only to contracts and hedging relationships that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued due to reference rate reform. These amendments are effective immediately and may be applied prospectively to contract modifications made and hedging relationships entered into or evaluated on or before December 31, 2022. The Company adopted the guidance upon issuance, as required and there was no material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.
Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance to replace the existing methodology for estimating credit losses with a methodology that reflects lifetime expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2020, as required using the modified retrospective approach through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the effective date to align the Company’s current processes for establishing an allowance for credit losses with the new guidance. See Note 5 - Accounts Receivable for the impact of adoption.
Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance which simplifies the current two-step goodwill impairment test by eliminating Step 2 of the test. The guidance requires a one-step impairment test in which an entity compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and recognizes an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, if any. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years, and should be applied on a prospective basis. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2020, as required and there was no material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.
Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. In August 2018, the FASB issued guidance to address a customer’s accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. The guidance aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in such arrangements with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019 and for interim periods within those fiscal years. This guidance should be applied on either a retrospective or prospective basis. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2020, as required on a prospective basis and there was no material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.
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